Sociological Theories and Perspectives

General

• Asokan, N.
  Theory of Social Development
  Presented by the International Center for Peace & Development (ICPD).

• Capitale Sociale.it
  Resources for researchers and students interested in the study of 'social capital'. Editor: Fabio Sabatini.

• Conocimiento y Sociedad
  A site on epistemology and social theory. Editor: Antonio Berthier (Universidad Mesoamericana).

• Critical Theory & Postmodern Thought
  A large collection of links on the theoretisation of postmodernism. Editor: Martin Ryder (School of Education, University of Colorado at Denver, USA), who describes himself as "an engineer trapped in a teacher's mind".

• CTheory
  An international, electronic review of books on theory, technology and culture. Sponsored by the Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, reviews are posted periodically of key books in contemporary discourse as well as theorisations of major "event-scenes" in the mediascape. Editors: Arthur and Marilousie Kroker.

• Dead Sociologist' Society
  A list of the various theorists, some biographical information and a summary of their work. Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, Simmel, Weber, Veblen, Cooley, Mead, Park, Pareto and Sorokin. Editor: Larry Ridener.

• Durkheim Pages   Resources on Durkheim
  Devoted to the presentation of information concerning Emile Durkheim. Contents: Some full texts, a complete bibliography of Durkheim's work, a timeline describing important events related to Durkheim and the Third French Republic, a glossary of terms and concepts, a bibliography of secondary material, news, a list of Durkheim scholars and mailing list, and Durkheimian Studies information. Editor: Robert Alun Jones (Univ. of Illinois, USA).

• Evans, David [1986]
  Le Play House and the Regional Survey Movement in British Sociology 1920-1945
  A thesis that examines the achievements of the Regional Survey Movement in British sociology during the first half of the twentieth century.

• A Gallery of Social Structures
  The Network gallery documents work in progress in an efforts to visualize social structures. The aim is to develop and experience how automatic procedures can be combined with aesthetics to ease insight into usually complex phenomena. For presentations around thematic aspects of the datasets you follow the subject track, for more formal demonstrations of methodological approaches you can visit the technical laboratory. The underlying techniques and modelling problems are discussed in Simple Representations of Complex Networks. Editor: Lothar Krempel.

• Henslin, James M. (Southern Illionois University, Edwardsville)
  Sociology - A Down-to-Earth Approach
  Sociological resources organized by chapter of the textbook.

• Jokisch, Rodrigo
  • [Jan, 1997] Die Form der Medien
    (The Form of Media)
    Article on the different aspects of 'media' in society.

  • [June, 1997] Virtualität, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft
    (Virtuality, Economy and Society)
    Contribution to a conference on virtual economy.

  • [1999] Das moderne Konzept des 'Menschen' als unabdingbar für eine Theorie der Gesellschaft - Distinktionstheoretische Überlegungen
    Essay on the 'human being' as a starting point for the emergence of society.

  • Zum Konzept von Gesellschaft in historischer und systematischer Absicht
    (The Form of Society)
    A discussion of the category of 'society' in a historical and in a systematic perspective.

  • [1999] Paradigmawechsel innerhalb der Wissenschapften, speciell innerhalb der Soziologie
    (The Change of Paradigma in the Social Sciences)
    Essay on the change of perspective in science, in the first instance in the social sciences from the point of view of a theory of distinctions.

  • [1999] Zur Beobachtung von Handlung
    (The Form of Action)
    In: Reiner Mackensen (ed.) Handlung und Umwelt, Beiträge zu einer soziologischen Lokaltheorie. Leske & Burdrich.
    Article on the different aspects of social action from the point of view of the theory of distinctions.

  • Glossar von Rodrigo Jokisch (Proto-sociology)
    A critic and enhancement of the positions of Spencer Brown, Herbst, Guenther, Glanville, Luhmann, Parsons and Habermas.

• McDonaldization.com
  Informs about the perils of the McDonaldization process.
  • Ritzer, George: Publications

  • Silverstone, Rob: The Ritzer Debate

  • Keel, Robert: The McDonaldization of Society

  • Wright, Chris: The McDonaldization of Syracuse

• Stephan, Ed [1995-2000]
  The Division of Territory in Society

• Time line for the history of sciene and social science
  A time line from before writing began to the present, linked to Andrew Roberts' book Social Science History and to other resources, including extracts and works of authors. The alphabetical index of authors is very helpful. And so is the ABC Study Guide in plain English.

• Timeline of Sociology from 1600
  A chronological list of sociologists. It starts with John Graunt, William Petty and John Locke, and ends with Margaret Mead, Talcott Parsons, and James Coleman. Edited by: Ed Stephan.

• Visual Studies
  A semi-annual published journal from the International Visual Sociology Association (IVSA). It investigates the relationship between society and photographic, film and video images.

• WSCR - The Web Site for Critical Realism
  An independent space for the study and promotion of critical realism. Presented by the Centre for Critical Realism (CCR).

Anomie     Crime and Social Deviance

• Anomia
  Subject index of GSSDIRS (General Social Survey Data and Information Retrieval System). University of Michigan, USA.

• Camp, Sarah (Florida State University)
  Robert K. Merton's Anomie Theory
  In Merton's anomie theory the methods of achieving one's goals are conflicted with the goal. Individuals according to their situation may take on one of the five adaptations: conformity, innovations, ritualistic, rethreatist, or rebellion. Sarah Camp explicates Morton's anomie theory and discusses some applications.

• Caruana, Albert, Ramaseshan, B. / Ewing, Michael T. (Perth, Australia)
  [1998] Anomia and fraudulent behavior by retail employees
  Anomia describes the individual's lack of integration in social life. An examination of the literature on anomia and fraudulent behavior, an identification of measurement instruments and a survey among employees of a large retail chain. The psychometric properties of the instruments are confirmed and evidence of a link is provided. The implications for managers and theory are considered, limitations are noted and directions for future research are indicated.

• Crimetheory.com
  Robert K. Merton's "Dream Machine"
  An Explication of Merton's Social Structure and Anomie (1938).

• Suicide

• Worldwide Anomie Research Network - Swiss Institute for Development (SID)
  

Chaos Theory

• Center for Non-Linear Science (CNS)
  Concentrates on the development of the basic research design and analytic tools for studying non-linear social dynamics. This has been called the "chaos theory", but here it is presented as a social theory of complexity.

• Center for Complex Systems Research (CCSR)
  University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.
  A research group which studies phenomena of systems with a large flow, such as information flow on the internet. They use nonlinear dynamics, neural nets, cellular automata, genetic algorithms, and artificial life models to describe these complex systems.

• Chaos Society
  The homepage for the Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and Life Sciences. This international forum brings together researchers, theoreticians, and practioners interrested in applying dynamical (of 'chaotical') systems theory.

• Chaos Theory
  A collection of essays on chaos theory and social dynamics. Most of them are written by the editor: T.R. Young (The Red Feather Institute for Advanced Studies in Sociology). For instance:

  • [002] Chaos Theory and Causality

  • [005] Chaos and the Drama of Social Change

  • [007] Chaos and Human Agency

  • [013] Symbolic Interactional Theory and Nonlinear Dynamics

  • [014] Management Science and Chaos Theory

  • [016] Chaos and Social Control Theory
  
  

• Ho, Andrew
  Chaos Theory - An Introduction

• Liu, Huajie (Center for Science & Society Studies, Peking University)
  A brief History of the Concpet of Chaos/A>
  Background, meaning and history of the development of chaos theory.

• Free Dictionary
  Chaos

• Wikipedia: Chaos

• Woods, Alan / Grant, Ted [1995]
  Chaos and Marxism
  Chapter 17 of Reason in Revolt - Marxism and Modern Science.

Ethnomethodology   Networks, Groups and Social Interaction

• Bibliography on ethnomethodology (-1989)
  Compiled by B.J. Fehr (Thomas Jefferson University), Jeff Stetson (Hosei University), with Yoshifumi Mizukawa (the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science).

• Bibliography on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis in the 1990's by: Paul ten Have (Univ. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands).

• Ethno/CA News
  Information on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis. Contains news, basic resources, conferences, recent publications and more. Editor: Paul ten Have (Univ. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands).

• Garfinkel, Harold
  • [1967] Some essential features of common understanding
    In: Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, pp. 38-44, 75.

  • [1976] Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities
    In: Studies in Ethnomethodology. Polity Press, ch. 2.

• Have, Paul ten (University of Amsterdam, Nederlands)
  • [1997] Structuring writing for reading: HTML as an explicating device
    Paper for the International conference: Ethnomethodology: East and West. Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, August 21-23, 1997.

  • Methodological Issues in Conversation Analysis
    Conversation Analysis, a research tradition that grew out of ethnomethodology, has some unique methodological features. It studies the social organization of 'conversation', or 'talk-in-interaction', by a detailed inspection of tape recordings and transcriptions made from such recordings. Ten Have describes some of those features in the interest of exploring their grounds.

• Lapassade, Georges
  • La Phenomenologie Sociale et l'Ethnomethodologie

  • [1992/3] La Méthode Ethnographique

• Lecerf, Yves
  Le Champ d'Etude de Ethnomethodologie
  He defines ethnomethodology as a discipline that studies the local logics of social groups.

• Lomax, H. / Casey, N. [1998]
  Recording Social Life: Reflexivity and Video Methodology
  In: Sociological Research Online, vol. 3, no. 2.

• Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction (SSSI)
  A social science professional organization of scholars interested in qualitative, especially interactionist, research.

• unOfficial Ethnomethodology on the Web - Yoshifumi Mizukawa (Japan).

Knowledge, Sociology of

• Crawford, T. Hugh
  Interview with Bruno Latour
  In: Configurations 1.2.

• Lanham, Richard A. [1993], Univ. of California, Los Angeles
  The Implications of Electronic Information for the Sociology of Knowledge
  In this paper Lanham argues that the fundamental "operating system" for the humanities is changing from the book to the digital multimedia computer screen. He outlines the consequences of this move for the creation, performance, teaching, and study of literature, music, and the visual arts. He concludes with a suggestion for how this movement from page to digital display might inform the administrative changes forced upon the university by the current shortage of money.

• Floridi, Luciano [1995]
  The Internet: Which Future for Organized Knowledge - Frankenstein or Pygmalion?
  What is the Internet exactly? What can it be used for? And what will be the effects of such a radical revolution in the way we handle the world of information?

• The Galileo Project
  A hypertext source of information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the science of his time. The project is supported by the Office of the Vice President of Computing of Rice University. Editors: Albert Van Helden and Elizabeth Burr (Rice University, USA).

• Kearl, Michael (Trinity University, Texas, USA)
  Sociology of Knowledge

• Ryder, Martin [Univ. of Calorado, Denver, USA]
  Sociology of Knowledge Page
  Provides articles, book reviews and course descriptions.

• Wilkins, John S. - Department of Philosophy, Monash University
  [1995] Evolutionary Models of Scientific Theory Change
  A Masters thesis.

  [1998] The evolutionary structure of scientific theories
  In: Biology and Philosophy, 13:479-504.

Marxism     Marx Socialism

• Althusser, Louis [1918-1990]
  
  [1953] On Marxism
  From: Louis Althusser, Early Writings, The Spectre of Hegel, translated by G.M. Goshgarian. Verso, 1997.

  [1962] Contradiction and Overdetermination
  Notes for an Investigation, part III of For Marx. Translated by Ben Brewster.

  [1962] Appendix: Marx vs. Engels
  In: For Marx. Translated by Ben Brewster.

  • [1971] Lenin and Philosophy
    Translated from the French by Ben Brewster, published by New Left Books. Prepared for the internet by David J. Romagnolo.

• Croce, Benedetto
  [1900/14] Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx
  Translated by C.M. Meredith and with an introduction by A.D. Lindsay.

• Ilyenkow, Evald Vasilyevich [1924-1979]
  
  [1960] Dialectics of the Abstract and the Concrete in Marx's Capital
  Published by Progress Publishers (1982) and translated by Sergei Kuzyakov.

  [1974] Dialectical Logic - Essays on its History and Theory
  Published by Progress Publishers. Translated by H. Campbell Creighton.

  [1977] The Concept of the Ideal
  Source: Problems of Dialectival Materialism. Progress Publishers, 1977.

  [1979] Leninist Dialectics and the Metaphysics of Positivism
  Published by New Park Publications, 1982.

  Biography
  Presented by: marxists.org.

• Katsiaficus, George - San Diego State University, USA
  Toward a Critical Marxism

• Kautsky, Karl [1854-1938]
  [1892] The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program)
  Published by Charles H. Kerr & Co, 1910. Translated by William E. Bohn. Askew.

  [1901] Trades Unions and Socialism
  In: International Socialist Review 1(10), April 1901. Translated: E. Dietzgen.

  [1903] The Intellectuals and the Workers
  In: Die Neue Zeit 22(4), 1903. Printed in English in the April 1946 edition of Fourth International.

  [1906] Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History
  Publshed by Charles H. Kerr & Co. Translated by John B. Askew.

  [1908] Foundations of Christianity
  Published by Russel and Russel, 1953. Translated by Henry F. Mins.

  [1908] The Socialist Revolution and One Day After the Social Revolution
  Published by Kerr & Co, 1908. Translated by A.M. and May Wood Simmons.

  [1911] Fiance-Capital and Crises
  In: Social Democrat, London, Vol XV, 1911.

  [1924] Epitaph of Lenin
  In: Izvestia, 1924.

  [1934] Hitlerism and Social-Democracy
  In: Joseph Shaplen/David Shub (ed.) [1934], Socialism, Fascism, Communism. American League for Democratic Socialism, 1934.

  [1934] Marxism and Bolshevism - Democracy and Dictatorship
  In: Joseph Shaplen/David Shub (ed.) [1934], Socialism, Fascism, Communism. American League for Democratic Socialism, 1934.

  Biography
  Presented by Marxists.org.

• Korsch, Karl
  [1923] Marxism and Philosophy

• Labriola, Antonino [1843-1904]
  [1896/1908] Essays on the Materialist Conception of History (McMaster)
  Translated by Charles H. Kerr. Same essays by marxists.org.

  [1897] Socialism and Philosophy
  Translated by Ernest Untermann, Chicago, 1907.

• Lukács, Georg [1885-1971]
  
  [1923] History and Class Consciousness
  Merlin Press, 1967. Translated by Rodney Livingstone.
  Preface 1967
  [1919] What is Orthodox Marxism?
  [1920] Class Consciousness
  [1923] Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat

  [1938] The Young Hegel
  Merlin Press, 1975. Translated by Rodney Livingstone.

  2.5.The first studies in economics
  3.5. Hegel's economics during the Jena period

  Andrew Feenberg [1981]
  Lukács, Marx and the Sources of Critial Theory

  Levee Blanc [1997]
  Georg Lukács: The Antinomies of Melancholy
  In: Other Voices 1(1), March 1997.

  Biography
  Presented by marxists.org.

• Luxemburg, Rosa [1871-1919]
  Rosa Luxemburg Internet Archive
  Presented by marxists.org.

  [1900] Reform or Revolution

  [1904] Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy

  [1906] Mass Strike

  [1915] The Junius Pamphlet

  [1918] The Russian Revolution

  [1918] The Socialisation of Society
  In: Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 4, p. 431-4. Berlin 1970-75. First published in Die junge Garde, 2(4), Dec. 1918. Translated by Dave Hollis.

• Marx and Engels' Writings
  A collection of writings in economic and social theory, presented by: The English Server. The search engine allows a very fast Marx/Engels search.
  

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• Marxist Internet Archive (MIA)
  A continually expanding archive with the a very large database of Marxism. The Writers Archive contains collection resources (works, biographies, letters and images) on many famous marxists. It includes a fast search facility. Some days you just can't seem to remember exactly where, among the 40,000 pages of the collected works of Marx and Engels, you read that quote. M/E SEARCH will help narrow the hunt.
  

  Select Archive	Marxist Writers Marxist History Subject Archive Reference Archive Encyclopedia of Marxism --------- Marx & Engels Connolly Gramsci Guevara Kollontai Lenin Luxemburg Reed Trotsky
  Search:

  
  

  Marxist quote of the day
  Marx, Trotsky and Lenin quotes. Divided into categories, each quote contains a suggested explanation.

  Marxist Sociology Section of the ASA
  A resource and meeting point for Marxist scholars from the American Sociological Association. The site provides information on the people of the Marxist Section, Announcements (newsletter, session new), and about Marx and Marxist Theory.

  Mehring, Franz [1846-1919]

  [1935] Karl Marx. The Story of His Life
  Published by Covivi, Friede Publishers. Translated by Edward Fitzgerald.

  Franz Mehring Internet Archive
  Presented by marxists.org

  Mészáros, Istvásn [1930-]
  [1970] Marx' Theory of Alienation

  Trotski, Leon [1879-1940]

  The Trotsky Internet Archive
  Directed by David Walters, and presented by marxists.org.

  Biographies, Sketches, Autobiographies, and Memoirs of Leon Trotsky
  Presented by marxists.org.

  [1923] Communist Policy Toward Art
  Source: Trotsky on Literature and Art, Pathfinder Press.

  [1923] The Social Roots and Social Function of Literature
  Source: Trotsky on Literature and Art, Pathfinder Press.

  [1923] What is Proletarian Culture, and is it Possible?
  Source: Trotsky on Literature and Art, Pathfinder Press.

  [1930] My Life or [pdf]
  Published by Charles Schribner's Sons, NY.

  [1931] The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects
  Permanent Revolution was first published in Russian in Berlin in 1930. The English translation of John G. Wright was published in 1931. First publication of Results & Prospects was in St. Petersburg in 1906. The first English translation was published by the Russian Soviet Government in 1921. There's also a complete pdf version of this text.

  [1932] The History of the Russian Revolution [pdf]
  Translated by Max Eastman.

  [1936] Revolution Betrayed. What is the Soviet Union and where is it going?
  Translated by Max Eastman.

  [1939] The ABC of Materialist Dialectics
  Source: A Petit-bourgeois Opposition in the Socialist Workers Party, Dec. 15 1939.

  [1942] In Defense of Marxism
  

  Uchida, Hiroshi
  [1988] Marx's Grundrisse and Hegel's Logic
  Published by Routledge.

  Wenger, Morton, G. [May 1986] - University of Louisville, USA
  Marxian Analysis and American Sociology
  In this paper Wenger places Marxism in the context of the class history of America in the post-WW II era. He concludes that the Marxist Sociology is, more similar to other "exotic" sociologies than it is to the revolutionary Marxisms of the past and present.

  The World Socialist Web Site
  This site and its biweekly journal, The International Workers Bulletin (IWB) provide news reports on major world events, political analysis and commentary on a wide range of subjects. It is their hope that the material presented by the IWB will contribute to a scientific understanding of the problems that confront the modern workers' movement. The site has been established by the Socialist Equality Party in the United States, in collaboration with the International Committee of the Fourth International, to address the urgent need for a revolutionary socialist response to the crisis of the world capitalist system. It is dedicated to "the revival of a socialist and working class internationalism, based on genuine Marxist principles". All articles are full-text and free.

  Young, T.R.
  Marxian Methodology and the Constitution of Human Knowledge
  Young explains the basic assumption in Marxism methodology: "through labor, people appropriate nature and turn it into human culture". In the end he summarizes in outline form the immediate objectives of marxian methodology.

Rational Choice & Game Theories

• Axelrod, Robert
  Complexity of Cooperation
  An archive that contains software, documentation, bibliographies, and other resources connected with Robert Axelrod's book The Complexity of Cooperation: Agen-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton University Press.

• Brembs, Bjön
  Chaos, cheating and cooperation: potential solutions to the Prisoner's Dilemma
  Article about the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) as a standard model for the evolution of cooperation. After a critical discussion of tit-for-tat and stochastic strategies as solutions, a new solution is offered: chaos.

• Center for Rationality and Interactive Decision Theory (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
  Engaged in research into the various aspects of rationality in decision-making: making decisions in a manner calculated to yield maximal benefit. Of particular interest is interactive decision theory ("game theory"), which analyzes what happens when rational people with different goals interact, each making his own decisions on the basis of what is best for him - while taking into account that the others are doing the same. Rationality and interactive decision theory underline much of economic theory and have had an important impact on such diverse areas as evolutionary biology, political science, computer science, social psychology, law, statistics, philosophy and the foundations of mathematics.

• Economic Game Theory
  Resources on economical game theory, gathered by SOSIG.

• Elster, Jon
  The Jon Elster Page
  • [1993] Some Unresolved Problems in the Theory of Rational Behavior
    In: Acta Sociologica 36(3): 179-90.

  • [1997] More Than Enough
    Review of Gary S. Becker (1966) Accounting for Tastes, The University of Chicago Law Review 62(2): 749-64.

• Epstein, David (Columbia, USA)
  Game Theory and Political Science
  A list of syllabi on (political) game theory.

• Games and Software
  • Clever Games for Clever People
    Nancy Casey has brought together some intriguing games, bases on the book of John Conway, On Numbers and Games (1976, New York: Academic Press).

  • Gambit
    A library of game theory software for performing various operations on n-person games.

  • Zero Sum Game Solver
    David Levine gives you a chance to play some games: Zero-Sum Game Solver, Guessing Game & Cooperative Learning Game.

  • Prisoners' Dilemma Game
    A fiendish cyberspace wizard has locked you and Serendip into a diabolical game with 5 rules.

  • Interactive strategy games
    This 'game theory without the theory' is presented by the GameTheory.Net.

• Game Theory.net
  A resource for educators and students of game theory. The site contains lecture nots, links to text books, and interactive applets and games. Editor: Mike Shor (Vanderbilt University, USA).

• Gintis, Herbert (University of Massachusetts, USA)
  In "Game Theory Evolving" [2000] Gintis presents an undergraduate/graduate text on advanced game theory (bargaining, priors, probability theory and Nash equilibrium). Only the preface is free available, but in the paper section there is other material on game theory (and other topics).

• International Game Theory Review (IGTR) [full text]

• International Journal of Game Theory (IJGT) [abstracts]

• International Society of Dynamic Games (ISDG)
  The society on the field of dynamic game theory that promotes interactions among researchers interested in this field of academic study.

• Interuniversity Centre for Game Theory and Applications (CITG)
  Italian Centro Interuniversitario per la Teoria dei Giochi e le Applicazioni.

• McCain, Roger A.
  Game Theory
  A nice introduction to most of the essential ideas in game theory.

• Melberg, Hans O.
  Decision Theory: Papers by Hans O. Melberg

• Levine, David K. (UCLA)
  What is Game Theory?
  Levine explains what (noncooperative) game theory largely deals with: how intelligent individuals interact with one another in an effort to achieve their own goals. He gives one instructive example, the very famous Prisoner's Dilemma game. When you like to learn more about game theory, Levine suggests some good books to study.

• Rational Choice/Formal Theory Discussion Group
  The purpose of the forum is to generate commentary and facilitate discussion on a range of issues that fall under the rubric of choice-theoretic work (technical and non-technical). The electronic forum disseminates news about conferences, workshops, publications, courses, experimental results, job openings, and other information.

• Roth, Al
  Al Roth's Game Theory and Experimental Economic Page
  Roth presents some introductory articles on bargaining, matching, and experimental economics; abtracts, excerpts, and osme complete copies of selected papers; things to participate in (experiments of the web, trounaments, conferences), and some game theory servers.

• Walker, Paul (Univ. of Canterbury, New Zealand)
  An Outline of the History of Game Theory
  The timeline starts in first fice centuries A. D. Game theory started in with the socalled marriage contract problem in the Babylonian Talmud (you might call it a 'bigamist dilemma'). Further on the road you will meet James Waldegrave, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Herbet Simon, Kuhn and Braithwaite. The journey will be concluded after you read the excellent bibliography.

Sociobiology — Evolution

• Becoming Human
  An interactive documentary experience that tells the story of our origins. It contains up=to-date scientific information about the study of human evolution and paleoanthropology. The site has been developed by the Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins (IHO) and has won a Webby Award for the Best Science Site.

• BBC
  Evolution Website
  The web companion to the British television special presents a richt compilation of features, including the full text of "The Origin of the Species" with an illustrated guide from the BBC. "Natural Selections" is a collection of video conversations that include Douglas Adams on the lemurs of Madagascar, and David Attenborough on the Archeopteryx, an extinct creature that was part bird, part reptile. The site includes a number of articles by Darwin experts (Adrian Desmond, Richard Dawkins), and an extensive bibliography compiled by John S. Wilkins.

• Colby, Chris
  Introduction to Evolutionary Biology
  A definition of of evolutionary and an attempt to explain basics of the theory of evolution and correct many of the misconceptions. Includes a large collection of links on evolutionary biology and the creation/evolution controversy.

• Darwin, Charles [1809-1882]

  • [1845] The Voyage of the Beagle

  • [1859] The Origin of Species

  • [1999] The Origin of Species - 6th edition

  • [1874] The Descent of Man

  • Bi(bli)ographies
    • Darwin Biography

    • Darwin's Life and Work - Prof. Charles Urbanowicz

    • Readings on Darwin and Darwinism
      Compiled by John S. Wilkins for the BBC Evolution Website.

    • Darwins's Precursors and Influences
      Links to Evolution and Darwin related sites. Editor: John Wilkins (Melbourne, Australia).

• Dawkins, Richard
  • The World of Richard Dawkins - Evolution, Science, and Reason

  • [1976/1989] The Selfish Gene
    Genes are selfish, even when seemingly altruistic. The world of the selfish gene is one of savage competition, ruthless exploitation, and deceit. But there are also acts of apparent altruism found in nature. Bees commit suicide when they sting to protect the hive, and birds warn the flock of an approaching hawk. Do these acts contravene the fundamental law of gene selfishness? Dawkins denies it. But Dawkins shows that the selfish gene is also the subtle gene and that our species might have the power to rebel against the designs of the selfish gene. Read the opening pages.
  • [1982/1999] The Extended Phenotype - The long reach of the gene
    New edition (June 1999) with an afterword by Daniel Dennett.
    An analysis of the evolution of life, and in particular of the logic of natural selection and the level in the hierarchy of life at which natural selection can be said to act.
  • [1986] The Blind Watchmaker
    Dawkins explains why the evidence of evolution reveals a universe without design. One of the most famour arguments of the creationist theory of the universe is this: just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have springs into existence by accident, so too must all living things, with their far greater complexity, be purposefully designed. Dwakins demonstrates that this analogy ( Argument from Design) is false. Natural selection is a unconscious, automatic, blind yet essentially non-random process that has no purpose in mind. If it can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, it is the blind watchmaker.
  • [1995] River out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life
    A river of DNA flows through time and through ourselves. How did the replication bomb we call "life" begin and where in the world or in the universe is it heading? Like all living things, human beings are mere vehicles of information, gene carriers whose primary purpose is propagatin of their own DNA. Dawkins explains evolution as a flowering river of genes, genes meeting, competing, uniting, and sometimes separating to form a new species.
  • [1996] Climbing Mount Improbable
    Case studies of natural selection in action. The human eye is so complex and works so precisely that one might believe its current shape and function must be the product of design. How could such an intricate object have come out by chance? Yet this is exactly what Dawkins argues: life evolves through the accident of mutation, and perfection in the natural world is the result of supreme, and fascinating, improbability. The metaphor of Mount Improbable represents this combination of perfection and improbability.
  • [1998] Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder
    Keats believed that Newton had destroyed all the poetry of the rainbow by reducing it to the prismatic colors. Dawkins guides us towards the opposite conclusion: science is, or ought to be, the inspiration for great poetry. Dawkins says that Newton's unweaving is the key to much of modern astronomy and to the breathtaking poetry of modern cosmology. Mysteries don't lose their poetry because they are solve: the solution often is more beautiful than the puzzle, uncovering deeper mystery. So human beings can always keep their appetite for wonder.
  • [1998] Darwin and Darwinism

• European Sociobiological Society (ESS)
  A forum for the study of the role of biological factors in the behaviour of animals and man, with special emphasis on evolutionary aspects. Anybody within the scientific community interested in the topic of sociobiology, (human) ethology, Darwinian psychology, psychobiology, evolutionary psychiatry, behavioural ecology, biopolitics, bioeconomics, or evolutionary aspects of human or animal behaviour, is welcome to apply for membership.

• Evolution
  A serie of articles on evolution, presented by 2think.org.

• Evolution and Human Behavior
  An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research, Theory and Integrative Reviews, with Open Peer Commentary. Official journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society (EHB).

• Evolutionary Theory
  An organization dedicated to promoting the biological sciences and evolutionary theory. You'll find papers, an archive, a mailing list and a chat room.

• Fog, Ager (Copenhagen, Denmark)
  • [1997] Cultural r/k Selection
    In: Journal of Memetics

  • [1999] Cultural Selection
    An interdisciplinary theory that challenges traditional sociology by its superior ability to explain the irrational or unplanned aspects of culture. It seems that our society is not as rational as we would like to believe.

• Kenyon, Paul (Department of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK)
  Biological Bases of Behaviour
  Material for first, second and third year courses. The site covers themes like Neurotransmission, Depression, Schizophrenia, Hormones & Stress, Drug & Anxiety, Animal Behaviour, and Psychosexual Differentiation. The sections contain a lecture overview, graphics from transparencies used in class, audio clips, and animated images.

• McEvoy, Chad Joseph [1995]
  A Consideration of the Sociobiological Dimensions of Human Xenophobia and Ethnocentrism

• Origins of Humankind
  A portal for the human evolution community.

• Pearson, Roger
  Understanding Human Social Evolution: The Controvery between Kindship and Social Materialism

• Schull, Jonathan (ed.)
  Biological Bases of Social Behavior
  An Internet Ancillary to "Psychology". 4th edition by Henry Gleitman.

• Talk.Origins Archive
  Exploring the Creation/Evolution Controversy. Talk.origins is a Usenet newsgroup devoted to the discussion of biological and physical origins. Most discussions center on the creation/evolution controversy; other topics of discussion include the origin of life, geology, biology, catastrophism, cosmology and theology. It's a collection of articles and essays, most of which have appeared in talk.origins at one time or another.

• Sociobiologie
  A French site that aims at the vulgarization of sociobiology. The site offers a definition and basic concepts of sociobiology, and an introduction in sociobiological theory. Editor: Barhouf.

• Wilkins, John [1998-7] (Melbourne, Australia)
  Darwin's Precursors and Influences

• Wilson, Edward O,
  • Introduction: What is Sociobiology?
    In: Michael S. Gregory, Anita Silvers, and Diane Sutch (eds.) Sociobiology and Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Critique and Defense. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 1-12.

  • [1998] Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
    In: Los Angeles Times, July,9,1998. Excerpts of his conversation with Times medical writer Terence Monmaney.

Sociolinguistics   Language Resources

• Ball, Chaterine N. (Georgetown Univertsity Washington, USA)
  Introduction to Linguistics: Sociolinguistics Resources
  

• Bibliographic Resources on Linguistics
  Editor: Harold F. Schiffman (University of Pennsylvania, USA)

• Center for Language, Interaction & Culture - University of California at Los Angeles, USA

• Chung, Sandy / Pullum, Geoff (University of California, Santa Cruz, USA)
  Grammar
  A short introduction on the meaning of grammaer.

• Constructed Human Languages, edited by Chris Bogart.

• Erickson, Ken [Moved to...?]
  Human Communication & General Semantics
  A site dedicated to exploring the functioning and disfunctioning of the communication process, as well as proposals for more effective communication.

• Language and Social Interaction
  A devision of the National Communication Association (NCA).

• Language and Social Interaction
  Information on conferences, symposia and proceedings, topic specialty resources, personal resources, syllabi, electronic journals and more.

• Linguist List
  A large linguistic resource providing information on language and language analysis.

• Linguistic Society America

• Pattee, Cyndi (Univ. of Oregon, USA)
  What is Sociolinguistics?
  An introduction to some exciting aspects in the field of social linguistics. It discusses how our language is influenced by social factors, politeness strategies. The last two section concentrate on the relation between gender and language: who talks more, men or women? and do men and women speak differently?

• TalkBank Groups
  An interdisciplinary research project of the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) at the University of Pennsylvania, whose goal is to foster fundamental research in the study of human and animal communication by providing standards and tools for creating, searching, and publishing primary linguistic materials via networked computers. It emphasizes the linkage of transcripts and other annotations to digitized video and audio records of real-life interactions.

• Tannen, Deborah (Georgetown University, USA)
  Discourse Analysis
  An introduction to the analysis of language 'beyond the sentence'.

• Thomason, Sarah G. (Univ. of Pittsburgh, USA)
  Language Variation and Change

• Virtual Library: Applied Linguistics

• Winford, Donald (Ohio State University, USA)
  Languages in Contact
  What happens when people speaking different languages are having regular contacts? In some cases only a few words are borrowed, while in others whole new languages may be formed. The author analyses the dynamics of language contact from a linguistic perspective.

• Wolfram, Walt (North Carolina State University, USA)
  Language as Social Behavior
  An explanation of the basic notion underlying sociolinguistics: language use symbolically represents fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction.

Time, Sociology of

• Brisbin, Shawn M.
  A slip in Time: Computing Back Calculated Gregorian Calender [rtf]
  Article on the evolution of time measurement.

• Calendar Converter
  Each date entered will be converted to: Gregorian, Julian, Hebrew, Islamic, Persian, French republican calendar, and Julian day number. Editor: John Walker (Fourmilab, Switzerland).

• Gregorian Calender

• Kearl, Michael (Trinity University, Texas, USA)
  The Times of Our Lives - Investigations into Socio-chronology
  A Sociology of Time and Social Rhythms. A study of time and the various timetables and rhythms that shape our behaviors and thoughts. The issues are: the different meanings we give to each day of the week & months of the year; the "quality time" that working parents worry about sharing enough of with their children; the pressure we feel to be "on time" in the face of dreaded deadlines; the various social clocks whose tickings seem to govern our lives, such as the ages at which we believe we should be married, have children, or be "peaking" in our careers; the emergence of "flexitime" and four-day weeks in the world of work; and the types of time that religions impose to fortify the moralities of their members, such as eternity in heavens or hells, purgatory time, or escaping the cycle of death and rebirth.

• Mueller-Maerki, Fortunat
  Horology
  The science of time, timekeepers (clocks, watches ) and timekeeping. Provides a comprehensive index and crosslinks to a mountain of horological information.

• National Museum of American History
  On Time
  An exploration of the changing ways we have measured, used and thought about time over the past 300 years. It describes the history of keeping time from the 'marking time' (marking days by rising and setting sun, phases of the moon, and cycles of hunger and sleep) to the "expanding time" of the digital age where we count nanoseconds and even picoseconds (trillionths of a second).

• Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
  Tempus Fugit: Time Flies
  A wonderful designed exhibit on the character of time. It features sections on 20th Centrury Time, World Times, and Conservation Time. The "20th Century time" takes you on a walk through the century - from the theory of relativity to the internet - and demonstrates the altered sense of time. "World Times" concentrates on different conceptions of time embodied in art from primitive times to the present. Western culture sees time as a single line, leading from past to present to future. But some cultures see time very differently: as a poetic journey, as the memory of an ancestor, or even as a cosmic cycle. Here you can discover different meanings of time. In "Conservation Time" you can see how conservation science can uncover the history of a work's composition and the changes wrought upon it over the course of its lifetime. You can, for instance, see that behind the final version of Bronzino's Portrait of a Young Man there are two other hidden versions.

• Philippe, Patek
  Concerning Time
  This Swizz watchmaker created some impressive multimedia presentations to let us understand the hours, minutes and seconds. He explores time as it has occured to priests, poets, writers and painters across civilizations and through history.

• Ruano, Teresa
  Ancient Origins of the Holidays

• WorldTime
  A service featuring an interactive world atlas, information on local time as well as sunrise and sunset times in several hundred cities, and a database of public holidays worldwide. Presented by HAB Software, Hamburg, Germany. Zooming in and out, going against the time, and getting ahead of time.

Editor	dr. Albert Benschop Social & Behavioral Studies University of Amsterdam
Created	July, 1996
Last modified	25th March, 2006