Sociology of Right

General Resources

• All Law
  A large directory for all kinds of legal information. Includes a listing of online Law Journals with content. Presented by the Attorney Internet Services (AIS).

• Droit et Société
  An European network on law and society.

• droit.org
  A well-structured portal on French law.

• FindLaw
  An evolving portal for those interested in legal issues concerning cyberspace. It is focused on law and government and provides acces to a comprehensive online library of legal resources for use by legal professionals, consumers and small businesses.
  
  Document LibraryLegal DictionaryLegal NewsFindLawLegal Web SitesAll Web SitesUS Government SitesUS Supreme CourtUS Constitution

• Friedman, David D. [2000]
  Contracts in Cyberspace
  In modern societies contracts are enforced in two quite different ways: publicly, through the court system, and privately, largely through reputation. Friedman discusses two problems for conventional mechanisms of public contract enforcement in cyberspace. (i) An increasing fraction of commercial transacties will be between parties in different countries. The public enforcement of these contracts is more costly and uncertain than public enforcement within a single jurisdiction.(ii) Modern technologies such as public key encrtyption make possible an online world where many people do business anonymously, with reputations attached to their cyberspace, not their realspace, identities.

• Hukuki.net
  Turkish law and legal resources.

• Joystick
  Scandinavian Netjournal of the Sociology of Law. This free journal includes full-text articles, reviews, and archive, news & views, information on conferences, chat events and more. Editors: Bo Carlsson & Håkan Hydén.

• Law-France
  A moderated mailing list for the exchange of information about the practice of law in France. The site contains a very useful archive with law- and French-oriented documents.

• Provost, Wallace H.
  • [1989] Complex Organization and Niklas Luhmann's Sociology of Law
    Published in the International Journal of General Systems, in 1989 this article uses the principles of non-linear philosophy to illustrate and expand on the brilliant approach toward the sociology of Law of Niklas Luhmann.

• Roman Law Library Specialist in the history of Rome, Alexandr Kopteve studies the Roman law in his sources in collaboration with Yves Lassard, law professor in Grenoble.

• Socio-Legal Studies Association (SLSA)
  An association dedicated to improving the quality of and facilities for socio-legal research. It is a forum for socio-legal scholars in the UK. The SLSA publishes the Socio-Legal Newsletter three times a year. It carries articles about research, people, meetings and conferences.

Human and Civil Rights

• Affirmative Action and Diversity Project (AAD)
  Opinions regarding Affirmative Action topics. The site provides scholars, students, and the interested public with on-site articles and theoretical analyses, policy documents, current legislative updates, and an annotated bibliography of research and teaching materials. Editor: Rita Raley, Parker Douglas, David J. Vazquez and Carl Gutiérrez-Jones (Department of English, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, USA).

• Amnesty International
  Every month AI highlights human rights situations in 3 different countries. Worldwide appeals are available in English and Spanish. The site also contains: News Releases (Search or Browse), Amnesty International Country Reports (Africa, America, Asia, Europe, Middle East & North Africa), External Document summaries, Recent Amnesty International Publications, links to Human Rights on the Internet.

• Bastard Nation
  An international adoptee-rights organization, which also provides links to many other international adoptee rights organizations. Bastard Nation advocates forthe civil and human rights of adult citizens who were adopted as children, and especially for the restoration of their right to access their records.

• Centre de Droit International et de Sociologie Appliquee au Droit - Belgium

• Centre de sociologie du droit pénal - Free University, Bruxelles.

• Civil liberty archive - Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)

• Civil Society International (CSI)
  Supports the development of civil society by fostering relationsships between the nonprofit sector in the West and the grassroots and nonprofit organizations in the states of the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe.

• Cyber-Rights & Cyber-Liberties
  A non-profit civil liberties organisation founded on January 10, 1997, by Yaman Akdeniz (Centre for Criminal Justice Studies of the University of Leeds, UK). Its main purpose is to promote free speech and privacy on the Internet and raise public awareness of these issues.

• Deft, John [2001]
  The Human Rights Compatibility of Criminal Offenses Based on Consensual Sexual Acts
  

• Democracy, Human Rights, and Militarism in the war on drugs in Latin America
  Published jointly, by The Transnational Institute (Amsterdam), The Bolivian Documentation and Information Center, and Inforpress Centroamericana Guatemala, April 1997. Awarded the Simon Bolivar Prize 1997.

• DIANA - International Human Rights Database
  Designed to promote the creatin, preservation, organization, and dissemination of electronic materials critical to human rights research and advocacy.

• European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)
  "Any Contracting State (...) or individual claiming to be a victim of a violation of the Convention (...) may lodge directly with the Court in Strasbourg an application alleging a breach by a Contracting State of one of the Convention rights."

• For the Record 1997: The UN Human Rights System
  This report of the Human Rights Internet (HRI) provides a country-by-country overview of human rights issues with links to relevant UN documents.

• Foundation for Truth and Justice (FTJ)
  A non-profit organization that assists people who have been wrongfully indicted, incarcerated or prosecuted by the federal judicial system and protects and defends the Constitutional rights of all American citizens. The motto of the foundation: "An injustice anywhere, is an injustice everywhere" (Dr. Martin Luyther King, Jr.). Editor: Charles H. Williams III.

• Grondwet van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden[sdu] [nrc]
  Constitution of the Netherlands.

• Guide to European Legal Databases
  The guide offers recommendations for search engines and search tips/strategies for researching foreign law topics. It includes an annotated list of European Websites useful for finding constitutional, copyright, and environmental laws. Editor: Mirela Roznovschi (The New York University Law School Reference Librarian For International and Foreign Law).

• Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights (Warsaw - Poland)

• Human and Civil Rights Organizations
  Independent Charities of America.

• Human Rights Internet (HRI) - International NGO
  HRI is an international network of groups and individuals involved in human rights and social justice work worldwide, a documentation centre, and a publishing house. The database contains information on thousands of organizations (including more than thousand organizations concerned with children's rights information), more than 10,000 bibliographic abstracts of the literature since 1985, education programs on human rights and much more.

• Human Rights Library - Univ. of Minnesota, USA
  A collection of over ninety of the most important international human rights instruments (treaties, declarations, and other materials) together with authoritative citations. The instruments are organized by subject matter; also accessible through a new WAIS search device which allows the user to locate documents by key words or phrases. Where possible, each instrument is linked to the UN Treaty Data Base for ratification information. A parallel French-language collection of the instruments is also being added to the Library. There's an European Mirror Site.

• Human Rights Practices, 1995
  Human rights practices in countries around the word. Reports are dated March 1996. Presented by the Hellenic Resources Institute.

• Human Rights for Workers
  A site that supports the global struggle for the freedom of working men, women, and children. The site has no formal connection with any organization but relies on the work of many organizations around the world for information, insights, and inspiration. Editor: Robert A. Senser.

• Human Rights Watch - HRW
  HRW conducts regular systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions.

• Human Rights Web
  International and regional/national resources on human rights work and organizations. Editor: Catherine Hampton.

• Inter-American Human Rights Database
  A searchable database with documents ratified by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, beginning with the commission's inception in 1960 and spanning to the present. It includes the commission's annual reports, sessional reports, and special situational reports. The database is an initiative of the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the American University's Washington College of Law.

• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
  Helps all victims of war and internal violence,attempting to ensure implementation of humanitarian rules restricting armed violence.

• Nederlandse Wet- en Regelgeving
  Dutch law and regulations.

• International Humanitarian Law Database
  The International Committee of the Red Cross presents the full text of treaties, commentaries on the Geneva Conventions, a list of signatures, ratifications relating to IHL treaties, and the full text of reservations. All these materials can be browsed or searched by keyword.

• Krug - The Circle
  A regional public organization that stands for the civil rights of gays, lesbians, bisexuals abd transgendered people in Murmansk, Russia.

• Netherlands Institute of Human Rights - Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM)
  A centre of human rights research in the Netherlands that conducts and promotes research and collects relevant documentation concerning all human rights. English and Dutch version. You might be interested in the mailinglist of the SIM.

• Moscow School of Human Rights
  A non-governmental and non-commercial organization functioning in the sphere of additional education. They are working out a strategy and programmes of civic, human rights, democracy, peace, law, and political education. And they (re)train secondary and high school teachers, leaders of human rights movement, state employees. The site includes information about the activities of the Russian Federation Presidential Commission on Human Rights.

• OSCE - Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
  The aim of the ODIHR is to assist the participating states of the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-opereation in Europe) build democratic institutions and implement their human dimension commitment.

• Privacy Forum, The
  A moderated digest for the discussion and analysis of issues relating to the general topic of privacy (both personal and collective) in the "information age" of the 1990's and beyond. Topics include a wide range of telecommunications, information/database collection and sharing, and related issues, as pertains to the privacy concerns of individuals, groups, businesses, government, and society at large. The manners in which both the legitimate and the controversial concerns of business and government interact with privacy considerations are also topics for the digest. The forum is supported in part by the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Committee on Computers and Public Policy, "internetMCI" (a service of the Data Services Division of MCI Telecommunications Corporation), and Cisco Systems, Inc.

• Researching Indigenous Peoples Rights under International Law
  A guide to researching international law and indigenous peoples rights. By Steven C. Perkins (Univ. Cincinnati, USA).

• School of Human Rights Research (Onderzoekschool Rechten van de Mens)
  An inter-university alliance, a joint effort of the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Humanities of Utrecht University, and the Faculties of Law of Maastricht University, Erasmus University of Rotterdam and the Catholic University of Brabant. The Research School comprises a communal/collective research and training programme, and aims to unite researchers in the field of human rights. The central research theme is the nature and meaning of international standards in the field of human rights, their application and promotion within the national legal order, and the international supervision of such application.

• Statewatch Database
  A UK-based Research Institute monitoring the state and civil liberties in the European Union.

• Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM)
  Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, University of Utrecht (Netherlands).

• United Nations Center for Human Rights

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    Adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 217A (III) of 10 December 1948. You might prefer one of the other language versions.

  • Treaty Collection. Or from the HR-web: United Nations Agreements on Human Rights

Property Rights - Copyright - Intellectual Property

• Association of Research Libraries
  ARL provides all kinds of resources on copyright and intellectual property.

• Australian Copyright Act 1968 - Commonwealth Consolidated Acts.

• Barlow, John Perry [March 1994]
  The Economy of Ideas - A framework for rethinking patents and copyrights in the Digital Age
  In: Wired, March 19994.
  You might have forgotten it: "Everything you know about intellectual property is wrong".

• Barlow, John Perry [March 1994]
  Selling Wine Without Bottles - The Economy of Mind on the Global Net.

• Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works (Paris text 1971).

• Brinson, J. Dianna / Radcliffe, Mark F. [1996]
  Multimedia Law Manual
  An intellectual property law primer for multimedia and web developers.

• Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)
  Responsable for the administration and processing of the greater part of Intellectual Property in Canada.

• Carroll, Terry
  Copyright FAQ
  Frequently asked questions with answers relating to copyright law, particularly that of the United States.

• Center for Advanced Study and Research on Intellectual Property (CASRIP) - University of Wahsington, USA
  A research and policy institute on patent right and other property rights. Contains information on the differences in intellectual property laws in serveral countries.

• Copyright
  Legislations and treatises on copy rights.

• Copyright and Intellectual Property Issues - English Server.

• Copyright Website, The
  Editor: Benedict O'Mahoney.

• Dhamee, Yousuf
  Intellectual Property Law and the Net [Moved to?]
  An introduction to the intellectual property law on the internet. It discusses how the notions of authorship and ownership of intellectual property are influenced by changes in information technology. Are individuals who access or link to other Web sites without permission deprive authorship rights? Why don't owners of Websites who do not want their material accessed, simply remove it from the Web? Can Internet carriers be held accountable for the violations of their clients? The courts must decide how closely Internet technology resembles traditional printing devices. And the law must find a way of striking many balances: progress and protection, remuneration and recognition.

• European Commission Legal Advisory Board: Intellectual Property
  An overview of copyright issues in Europe and worldwide.

• Fisher, Janet [1993]
  Copyright: The Glue of the System
  Copyright has become a battleground. Librarians and publishers are the two ends of the scholarly communication chain. Many librarians see copyright as the element that will provide the way out of their budget problems. Many publishers see it as essential to maintaining sales of their publications. Neither side is without its bias, and very little in the way of compromise has been offered. As a non-lawyer, it is impossible for me to comment on the legal technicalities of copyright law. Fisher discusses the practicalities of current copyright policies and hypothesizes how the system might change if the new policies being discussed now became reality. The changes being proposed are intended to shift control of dissemination of published materials from publishers to either authors or their universities. She assumes that the result would be an improvement. However, without the basic assurances that copyright gives the ability of the research community to determine value would disintegrate and research output would be harmed.

• Friedman, David D.
  • [1994] Standards as Intellectual Property: An Economic Approach
    In: University of Dayton Law Review 19(3): 319-27.
  • [1994] A Positive Account of Property Rights
    In: Social Philosophy & Policy 11(2):1-16.
    An analysis of property from a moral and legal perspective.
  • [2000] Clouds and Barbed Wire: The Economic of Intellectual Property
    Chapter 11 in: Law's Order: An Economic Account. Princeton University Press.

• Fujita, Anne K. [1996] (University of Oregon School of Law)
  The Great Internet Panic: How Digitization is Deforming Copyright Law
  In: Journal of Technology Law & Policy, Fall 1996.

• Hugenholtz, Bert (Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam)
  Licensing rights in a digital multimedia environment

• IFLA - International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
  Copyright and Intellectual Property Resources
  International orientated site which provides links to legislation on copy rights, agents, collectives and other organizations. With a bibliography on copy rights, resources on intellectual property and links on copy right policy.

• Imprimatur
  This stands for Intellectual Multimedia Property Rights Model And Terminology for Universal Reference. It's an European consortium that concentrates on infrastructure and process of intellectual property. The project is about methods of buying and selling digital rights on networks. The project closed at the end of 1998.

• Information Highway Advisory Council (IHAC) which published Copyright and the Information Highway, a final report on the subcommitte on copyright (march 1995).

• Intellectual Property from 'A Business Researchers' Interest.
  Why care about intellectual property rights? "Consider the internet provider in Lithuania or the one person startup in Canada who download the content of your site onto their servers, change the headers, and are deriving commercial benefits from that content." You'll get articles, reports and other information on intellectual property and on the concerning laws. Editor: Yogesh Malhotra.

• Intellectual Property - Yahoo!.

• Intellectual Property Mall
  Collection of links to resources on intellectual property for professionals in universities and enterprises. From the Franklin Pierce Law Center (USA).

• Intellectual Property Magazine
  Articles about right and policy in relation to advanced technology.

• Intellectual Property Mall
  Editor: Jon Cavicchi (Franklin Pierce Law Center - FPLC) with able student assistance. Links to a host of internal and external resources.

• Intellectual Property: A Pathfinder for Librarians and Educators
  Includes resources, biographies, periodicals, and related Internet sites, including copy right agents and collectives.

• Intellectual Property Publications of the Franklin Pierce Law Center
  Some basic information on intellectual property.

• Intellectual Property Internet Resources - Chicago-Kent College of Law.

• Jordan III, James M.(Alston & Bird, Atlanta, GA)
  Copyrights in an Electronic Age
  In: Journal of Technology Law & Policy, Fall 1996.

• Journals
  • Computer & Technology Law Journal - Rutgers University
    Provides practitioners and scholars with a guide to legal issues arising from society's interaction with computers and emerging technologies. Semi-annually, the journal publishes authoritative articles, essays and book reviews by leading commentators and jurists, as well as other topical pieces, including symposia and proposals for statutory revision. In addition to providing respected commentary, the journal serves as an invaluable research tool by cataloging technological articles from over 800 periodicals in its Selected Bibliography on Computers, Technology and the Law. Includes great indexes on title and author.

  • Journal of Electronic Publishing (JEP) [full text]
    A free electronic archive of articles on electronic publishing. Editor: Colin Day (Univ. of Michigan Press). See especially the March 1999 issue: Who Owns What? (Intellectual Property, Copyright, and the Next Millennium).

  • The Journal of Online Law (JOL) [full-text]
    An electronic publication of scholarly essays about law and online communications-law and cyberspace. Editor: I. Trotter Hardy (William and Mary School of Law, USA).

  • Journal of Law and Information Science (JLIS) [table of contents + abstracts]
    An international, cross-disciplinary journal devoted to issues relating to law and information science. The journal publishes twice yearly. Examples of topics include articles on law and artificial intelligence/ expert systems; computer law, intellectual property law issues, privacy concerns, computer crime, electronic commerce, use of technology in legal practice, technological developments in legal education, etc.

  • Journal of Technology Law & Policy [full-text] - University of Florida College of Law.
    The Journal began as a project of the Internet and Computer Law Association, a University of Florida student organization, but has existed as a separate student organization since the Spring of 1996. It publishes articles concerning legal issues in technology as well as policy.

• Lean, Michael M. [1995] (Queensland University of Technology)
  Copyright and the World Wide Web

• Litman, Jessica [1996] (Wayne State University, USA)
  Revising Copyright Law for the Information Age
  Published in Oregon Law Review 19, 1966.

• Managing Electronic Documents in Australian Government Agencies - Commonwealth of Australia 1995
  "Modern technology has created a situation where documents are easily copied and transferred from one medium to another. No single medium now holds all the documents and records relating to an agency's business activities. Due consideration needs to be given to all sources in order to identify authoritative versions of documents; all sources should be managed, in a manner appropriate to their environment, in order to preserve and provide access to business documents. .. Paper is still the most widely used medium for the storage of information. However, there has been a decline in the effectiveness of records management practices in organisations over the last decade due to changes in work practices, devolution of records management responsibilities to regional units and individual sections, and a lack of trained and qualified records management staff. The decline in control over paper records has not been compensated by a corresponding increase in control over electronic records. Personal computer users often create, manage and destroy electronic documents independently of any formal management regime. Government agencies, like other organisations, are in a period of transition from the use of paper documents to dependency on electronic documents. Unless corporate management practices, incorporating records management and archival requirements, are applied to these documents, they place themselves in a vulnerable position in terms of business and Government accountability."

• P-LAW Legal Resource Locator
  A starting point for research, be it by attorneys or non-legal professionals, into the myriad disciplines involved in today's increasingly "legalistic" society. A great guide where you get a structured list of information resources on: legislative & other government information sites, multy category references sites, specialized topic sites, miscellaneous sites, statistical information sites, and a topical index of resources. Very precise and hard work done by Kenneth M. Perry (New York, USA).

• Property Rights Primer
  A number of well written essays about the philosophies and policies surrounding property rights.

• Proudhon, Pierre Joseph [1890]
  What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government
  One of the most classical attacks on private property. Translated by Benjamin R. Tucker. Presented by the University of Virginia Library.

• Public Domain Information
  Public Domain (PD) began in the early-1980's as an experimental music group that did occasional performances around Atlanta. PD now provides resources for the organization's commitment to experimental music and noise. It helps to identify public domain songs and music: "royalty fee music you can use anywhere and any way you choose."

• Samuelson, Pauline [1996]
  The Copyright Grab
  In: Wired, 4.01, 1996.
  Her message is clear: "Stop the Clinton Copyright Grab! The Administration's white paper on intellectual property in the digital era is a wholesale giveaway of the public's rights. (..) If legislation recommended in its White Paper on Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure is enacted, your traditional user rights to browse, share, or make private noncommercial copies of copyrighted works will be rescinded. Not only that, your online service provider will be forced to snoop through your files, ready to cut you off and turn you in if it finds any unlicensed material there. The white paper regards digital technology as so threatening to the future of the publishing industries that, it argues, the public must be stripped of all the rights that copyright law has long recognized - including rights of privacy."

• Strategic Patent Web Site - R&J Patent Drafting: U.S. & Foreign Patent Illustrations.
  Includes a comprehensive intellectual property guide.

• Strong, William S. (Kotin, Crabtree, and Strong, Attorneys at Law, Boston, MA)
  • [June 1994] Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing

  • [March 1999] Copyright in a Time of Change
    In: Journal of Electronic Publishing 4, March 1999.
    A copyright lawyer reviews the current state of online publishing, and cautions that we don't have enough experience to make permanent policy about copyright and fair use. His credo: let's be flexible and wait for the market to sort itself out.

• Templeton, Brad
  10 Big Myths about Copyright Explained
  Templeton tries to answer common myths about copyright seen on the net and covers issues related to copyright and USENET/Internet publication. You can also read his Brief Introduction to copyright.

• United States Copyright Office
  Presented by The Library of Congress. The site has been created with the desire to serve the copyright community of creators and users, as well as the general public. The site provides their key publications, including informational circulars, application forms for copyright registration, links to the copyright law and to sites of outer copyright-related organizations, news and press releases. For an introduction read the Copyright Basics.

• U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, including amentment of 1994

• US Supreme Court Intellectual Property Decisions

• Usenet - misc.int-property | Google Groups
  Discussion group on moral and legal problems and intellectual property.

• Vleesch du Bois, Matthijs
  Auteursrechthandhaving in een digitale omgeving [1996]
  A Dutch thesis on copyrights in a digital environment.

• Who Owns What? - Intellectual Property, Copyright, and the Next Millennium
  In the March 1999 issue, the "Journal of Electronic Publishing" (JEP) examines the challenges and opportunities for intellectual property and copyright in the digital age. The articles examine topics such as the current state of electronic publishing, rights management and digital identifier systems, the future of scholarly publishing, libraries as publishers, and open source software as a model for managing intellectual property.

• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
  A specialised agency of the United Nations which is responsible for promoting the protection of intellectual property worldwide and for the administration of multilateral treaties dealing with the legal and administrative aspects of intellectual property. The site contains the full text of all the treaties administered by WIPO with information on the countries which have ratified them.

• WritersNet
  Internet Resource for Writers, Editors, Publishers & Agents. Including the database of Published Writers.

Crime and Social Deviance   Anomie

Social deviance:
a behavior that violates social norms and values shared by people in a particular culture.

Crime:
a particular form of deviance consisting of acts that violate norms that have been enacted into criminal law.

• Access to Justice Network Canada (AJCnet)
  The ACJNet opens doors to legislation, people and organizations, publications, databases and discussion forums on justice and legal issues. The resources are organized under subject headings such as: aboriginal people, crime prevention, plain language, women, and youth.

• American Mafia
  History of the American mafia and portraits of mafia bosses. Editor: Thoma P. Hunt (New Milfort, USA).

• Annual Reports on Organized Crime in Canada (1997-now) - Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC)
  A full-text report on all kind of organized crimes (illegal migration, illicit drug trade, contraband smuggling, money laundering, counterfeit activity, securities fraud) and criminals (asians, east europeans, arboriginals, italians, and hells angels. And this is one of the interesting conclusions: "The Internet and various technological innovations are beginning to have a serious impact on proceeds of crime and white collar offences. Major criminal organizations continue to exploit legal and regulatory shortcomings to launder large sums of money in Canada. Some will realize the potential of various Internet financial services to communicate and to carry out money laundering operations. The Internet is also being used increasingly to trade and distribute securities. This environment is difficult to regulate and may lead to an increase in securities fraud and manipulation. Technology like scanners, computer graphics software and high quality colour printers, meanwhile, make counterfeiting relatively simple and put it within the capabilities even of smaller criminal organizations." And once more: "The growth of financial services, including the birth of Internet banking, may well create new money laundering opportunities and facilitate the international transfer of illicit funds. The full impact of such growth on laundering trends and patterns in Canada and abroad remains to be seen, however.

• Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC)
  The AIC provides information on crime and criminal justice in Australia. It provides materials to help educate policymakers, joutnalists, and the interested public. The publication section contains two series. In "Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice" you'll find informative and topical papers which explore, describe, and explain policy related to crime and the criminal justice system. In "Research and Public Policy" you'll find original research, conference proceedings and statistical works. The "Annual Reports" section contains extensive statistical profiles of crime in Australia. And last but not least: the site contains a very good annotated links section, structured in subsections: Documents & Reports, Government Sites, Research and University Sites, and International Sites.

• Banca dati della Memoria
  Archive on the 'mysteries' of Italian politics: the Freemason Lodge P2, the Files of the parliamentary Anti-Mafia Commission, the Mafia-indictment of former Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti etc. (in Italian).

• British Journal of Criminology [full-text]

• Centre for Criminology - University of Hong Kong

• Centro Siciliano di Documentazione "Giuseppe Impastato"
  A research institute on the Sicilian Mafia, based in Palermo, with chronology on mafia events.

• CESDIP - Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Pénales

• Child Prostitution
  Goa, former Portuguese colony and one-time hippie paradise, is at risk of overtaking Bangkok as Asia's main sex resort, as paedophiles prey in increasing numbers on Indian children, reports Gemini News Service. International campaigners against child sex abuse are joining forces with local social activists to fight the menace. Editor: Rahul Bedi (New Delhi, India).

• Civil War, Terrorism and Gangs
  The system of sociology and social dynamics. A book in progress, written by: Radday Raikhlin (Israel). Russian and English version. Raikhlin considers himself a follower of Pitirim Sorokin both with regard to the building of a sociological system as well as in the development of social dynamics.

• Computer Crime Research Center
  A Ukrainian institute that has been created to conduct research into computer-related crime, to conduct seminars on the topic and to faciliate an international exchange of ideas on the topic.

• Computer Forensics, Cybercrime and Steganography Resources

• Creating Safer Cities
  European Learning and Information Network for Crime Prevention and Community Safety.

• Crime, Crisis, and Social Revolution: The Progressive Thesis in Marxist Criminology by: Morton G. Wenger and Thomas A. Bonomo.

• Crime stats Netherlands 1995 (Dutch) - CBS
  Includes stats on insecurity feelings and a general overview.

• Crimetheory.com
  An educational resources for the learning, researching and teaching of theoretical criminology. The site includes a timeline of criminological theories and theorists, a gallery of criminologists, and a glossary of key terminology for your reference. It also provides a discussion forum for students and teachers of criminology.

• Criminal Justice Center (NCJRS)
  The National Criminal Justice Reference Service is one of the most extensive sources of information on criminal and juvenile justice in the world. It provides services to an international community of policymakers and professionals. NCJRS is a collection of clearinghouses supporting all bureaus of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs: the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the OJP Program Offices. It also supports the Office of National Drug Control Policy. The search function not only searches NCJRS's Justice Information Center web site, but also and the web sites of the agencies of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs and the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy.

• Criminal Justice Links
  Editor: Cecil Greek (School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, USA).

• Criminal Sociology
  Editor:Enrico Ferri (illustrated HTML at Virginia).

• Criminologia e Vitimologia
  International resources on criminology and victomology. Presented by the digital platform built by the Law Area of ESTIG/Beja Polytechnic (Portugal) in order to allow us a web-based teaching of law.

• Criminological Theory
  An introduction in criminolocial theorie and an overview of different schools: from the early classical school, the biological & psychological theories to modern labeling theories, social control theories and conflict theories. Editor: Diane M. DeMelo.

• Critical Criminology
  American Society of Criminology. Maintained by: Jim Thomas.

• Cybercrimes - The University of Dayton School of Law, USA
  Information on various cybercrimes: cracking, cryptography, gambling, hacking, phreaking, pornography, virii.

• Cybrary of Criminal Justice Links
  Editor: Frank Schalleger.

• Dutch Ministry of Justice
  Information on several aspects of the policy of the Justice department.

• Eliminating Trafficking in Asian Women
  Concentratees on transporting women for sex trade in Japan. Editor: Matsui Yagori.

• Environment & Organized Crime
  Includes nuclear weapons proliferation, peace and the arms trade, nuclear power safety, protecting biodiversity, disposal of municipal and hazardous waste, safe use of chemicals, and enforcement of environmental protection laws.

• Gangsters!
  Dedicated to the American 'gentlemen' bandits. With big shots (like Scarface Capone, Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky), film gangstes (like Al Pacino's Godfather) and crime fighters (like Elliot Ness, Joseph Petrosino and the FBI).

• Gangbangers invade Cyberspace - by Steve Macko (editor of EmergencyNet News Service).

• GERN -Groupe européen de recherches sur les normativités
  A European scientific network working on norms, deviance and delinquency in nine Wester European countries. The network is composed of some forty centres and researchers in different fields.

• History of Policing, Legal Institutions, Criminology, and Crime - European University Institute, Florence Italy
  A database that provides systematic information about ongoing projects in the fields of the history of police, legal institutions, criminology, and crime.

• Institute of Criminology - University of Sydney
  Their publications include the journal Current Issues in Criminal Justice (without any on-line content).

• Instituto Brasileiro Giovanni Falcone (IBGF)
  Brazilian Institute in São Paulo on organized crime in Brazil (In Portuguese).

• International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy

• International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) - Québec, Canada
  Information on crime as a human and economic challenge and crime prevention as a way to meet the challenge; international crime prevention trends en examples of succesful crime preventions; an action program and a selected bibliography. The ICPC's mission is to assist cities and countries to reduce delinquency, violent crime and insecurity.

• International Association for the Study of Organized Crime (IASOC)

• International Sexual Slavery - Editor: Youngik Yoon.

• Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture (JPJPC)
  It serves the criminal justice/criminological community by publishing reviews of all types of popular culture artifacts and original essays pertaining to the intersection of popular culture and criminal justice. Editors: Jack K. Reed & Brian C. Renauer (Univ. at Albany).

• Mafia
  Information about international organized crime (in English and Italian).

• Marxian Theory of Crime, A by R.R. Young (Michigan, USA).
  A brief critique of theory in American criminology as well as a critique of the distorted ways in which American criminology permits crime to be defined. He outlines the propositions on the origins of crime in a variety of differing modes of production emphasizing the social sources of crime in capitalist systems.

• Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption - Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, Canada
  Includes a great bibliographic database on organized crime and corruption.

• Núcleo de Estudos da Cidadania: Conflito e Violência Urbana
  Brazilian sociological site on urban violence and criminality. Stats, graphs and texts online or pdf (in portuguese). Based at the Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

• Organized Crime - The Crime Statistics Site
  Introductory information about the location of crime data, limitations of data sources, how crime rates are calculated, and how you can calculate your own. A very useful site for students who are learning the ropes of crime statistics. Editor: Regina Schekall (Santa Clara, California, USA).

• Organized Crime - Committee for a Safe Society (CSS)
  Information and resources on crime against women and the environment, money laundering and banking, a regional menu with in formation on all kinds of organized crime (from the Chinese triads and the Japanese Jakuza to the European and American Mafia's).

• Postmodern Theories of Crime by Bruce Arrigo and T. R. Young.
  Postmodern criminology has not yet examined the constitution of criminological theory with the intent of identifying how the voice of and ways of knowing for women, minorities, and the poor are represented within the discourse of theory. This article represents one preliminary step in that direction. At issue is the psychic configuration of existing criminological reality. Their method of analysis incorporates the conceptual tools of Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, especially his reliance on several topological constructs. Their provisional conclusion suggests that while criminology has offered important insights relevant to gender, race, and class, it has essentially failed to makes sense of these differences within the discourse of its own theory. They argue that this is because the language of modernist (and premodernist) criminology is already prestructured (psychically encoded) to exclude these differences.

• Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology - University of Iceland
  The purpose of the Council is to further criminological research witin member countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), and advise the Scandinavian governments and the Nordic Council on issues related to criminology. Provides books and reports published by the Council, information on criminological and socilogical events and some relevant links.

• Social Deviance
  Some drops in an ocean of sites about social deviance and crime. From the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

• Sociology of Crime and Law Enforcement - Online Publications - Sociology in Switzerland.

• The Redwood Highway: Crime and Related Links on the Web
  An annotated collection of links that deal with the nature, extent, control and prevention of crime. It also includes links to the scientific study of crime, electronic and print publication and the profession of criminology. Editor: Pat Jackson (Sonoma State University, USA).

• Western Criminology Review (WRC)
  A forum for the publication and discussion of theory, research, policy and practice in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. The journal is intended to reflect local (Western), national and international concerns. Historical and contemporary perspectives are welcome, as are diverse methodological approaches. The publication and distribution of articles will also be accompanied by electronic commentary and discussion. It is the official journal of the Western Society of Criminology. Editor: Patrick Jackson.

Ethics

• Debatin, Bernhard (Leipzig, Germany)
  Ethische Grenzen oder Grenze der Ethik? - Überlegungen zur Steuerungs- und Reflexionsfunktion der Medienethik
  Article on media ethics.

• Ethics Connection, The
  A great site for people who are interested in strategies to heighten ethical awareness and improve ethical decision making. The site includes an interactive forum for the discussion of ethical issues; an extensive collection of the latest news and publications on ethics, the Markkula Center's own quarterly "Issues in Ethics"; a collection of case studies on ethics, a Practicing Ethics section with numerous resources for day-to-day ethical decision making; and a compilation of 900 ethical links (all categorized, rated, and reviewed).

• Ethics Updates
  Provides updates on current —popular and professional— literature that relates to ethics. Resources on ethical theory (moral theory, ethical relativism, ethical egoism, utilitarianism, rights theories etc) and applied ethics (abortion, dead penalty, sexual orientation, animal rights, reproductive technologies, race and ethnicity, envirenmental ethics, euthanasia, gender and sexism, word hunger). Editor: Lawrence M. Hinman (Values Institute at the University of San Diego, USA).

• Institute for Business & Professional Ethics - Chicago, IL, USA
  The first site to compile Ethic Resources on the Net, with a link to the Journal of Ethics, an on-line journal of business ethics which will allow readers to submit comments directly to the authors.

• Jones, Robert Alun [1994] (University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign)
  The Ethics of Research in Cyberspace
  In: Internet Research 4(3), 1994 pp. 30-35. (ISSN 1066-2243).
  Social scientists should pursue their scholarship with courtesy, civility, and a respect for the privacy and dignity of their subjects. But while we know (in most cases) what these things mean in more traditional communities, we are confused about what they mean in cyberspace. Are the so-called Neurenberg Code or the Belmont principles applicable to research involving human subjects in cyberspace? Or must they be significantly revised to fit research within the new environment of virtual communities? Does "privacy" mean the same thing in cyberspace that it means in other spaces?

• The On-Line Journal of Ethics [full text]
  A journal of cutting edge research in the field of business & professional ethics.

Police — Law Enforcement

International Law Enforcement Agencies
Europole	The European Law Enforcement Organisation. It aims improving the effectiveness and co-operation of the competent authorities in the Member States in preventing and combating terrorism, unlawful drug trafficking and other serious forms of international organized crime.
Interpol	Supports all organizations, authorities and sercives whose mission is preventing or detecting international crime.
UNCJIN	United Nations Criminal Justice Information Network
National Law Enforcement Agencies
Argentina	Gendarmeria Nacional Argentina
Canada	Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Chile	Carabineros de Chile
Belgium	De federale politie - La police fédérale
France	Gendarmerie National Ministère de la Défense
Netherlands	De Nederlandse Politie Ministerie van Justitie - Department of Justice Het Openbaar Ministerie - Public Prosecutor
Spain	Guardia Civil Direccion General de la Policia
United Kingdom	Police Federation of England and Wales Scotland Yard
USA	Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) including the The World Factbook Department of Justice (DOJ) Drugs Enforcement Administration (DEA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The pricipal investigative arm of the US Department of Justice (DOJ). It detects violations of federal criminal law and protects the USA from foreign intelligence activities. The site informs on the history and mission of the FBI, on most wanted criminals, terrorism and major investigations. The Uniform Crime Reports provides actual information on reported and cleared offenses, persons arrested & incidents of family violence. The FBI has even created some nice educational pages for kids and youth.

• CopNet
  An excellent list of links to a variety of law enforcement sites. The policy agencies of the world are organized by country or state/province within a country.

• Law Enforcement (Yahoo)

• International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
  The source for law enforcement information technology.

• Law Enforcement Sites on the Web - Editor: Ira Wilsker.

• Police Foundation
  

• Police Guide
  One of the largest police sites on the internet. There are galleries for police firearms, antique cop photos and crime scene photos, dress battons and British tipstaves, famous outlaws and lawmen. Created by Jim Casey.

• Police Resources in France
  Editor: Simon Kitson.

• Usenet: alt.law-enforcement | Google Group

Editor	dr. Albert Benschop Social & Behavioral Studies University of Amsterdam
Created	July, 1996
Last modified	07th March, 2006